Showing 10 results for Sodium Chloride
F. Mazloomi, A. Ronaghi, N. Karimian1,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (7-2011)
Abstract
Abstract
Optimum level of calcium (Ca) in saline soils is a critical factor in controlling the toxic effect of some ions, especially in plants sensitive to sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) damage. To evaluate the effect of salinity and supplementary calcium (S-Ca) on vegetative growth, fruit yield and concentration of some nutrients in roots, shoots, and fruits of strawberry (Fragaria ananaassa Duch) cv. Selva, a greenhouse experiment was carried out in 5×3 factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of salinity (0, 20, and 40 mM as NaCl) and five levels of supplementary Ca (0, 5, and 10 mM added to nutrient solution, 0.5 and 1% foliar application as CaCl2). The results showed that addition of NaCl to nutrient solution, negatively affected root and shoot dry weight and fruit fresh weight. Reduction of shoot dry weight and fruit fresh weight were higher than those of roots. Application of S-Ca not only did not improve the vegetative growth and fruit yield, but rather decreased them. Salinity (NaCl) treatments increased the concentration of Na in roots, shoots and fruits but application of 5 and 10 mM S-Ca levels decreased Na concentration in roots. By addition of NaCl to nutrient solution, the shoot Ca concentration was decreased in some treatments, but roots and fruits’ Ca concentration was not affected. Application of S-Ca increased Ca concentration in all organs of strawberry plants. By application of NaCl, potassium (K) concentration was decreased in roots, but increased in fruits and was not affected in shoots. K concentration did not change in roots in the S-Ca applied treatments, but decreased in shoots and increased in fruits. Simultaneous application of salinity and S-Ca decreased roots’ magnesium concentration in all treatments and shoots and fruits’ concentration in some treatments. In general, although supplementary Ca increased its concentration in different plant organs, but was not effective in alleviation of the negative effects of salinity on vegetative growth and fruit yield of strawberry plants.
F. Mazloomi, A. Ronaghi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2012)
Abstract
Soil salinity may cause nutrients imbalance in plants. Addition of some nutrients to saline soils may alleviate negative effects of salinity on plant growth and yield. In order to evaluate the effect of salinity and phosphorus on growth and chemical composition of two varieties of spinach (Khardar and Virofly Duch) a greenhouse experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement 2×3×2 in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of salinity (0.6, 3.8 and 8 dS/m as NaCl) and two levels of phosphorus (40 and 80 mg per kg soil as mono-calcium phosphate). Results indicated that concentration and total uptake of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and magnesium (Mg) were higher in Khardar than in Virofly however, concentration and total uptake of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were lower than in Virofly. Concentration and total uptake of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were similar in two varieties of spinach. Application of 80 mg P increased dry weight of Khardar but had no significant effect on dry weight of Virofly. Addition of P, significantly increased total uptake of N, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Na and Cl in Khardar, and total uptake of P and Cu in Virofly. Phosphorus decreased uptake of N, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl in Virofly. Application of NaCl significantly increased fresh weight of both varieties of spinach and dry weight of Virofly. Salinity decreased uptake of N in Khardar but increased it in Virofly. In both spinach varieties, salinity decreased uptake of Ca and Mg, but increased uptake of Zn, Na and Cl. Both spinach varieties are considered relatively salt-tolerant plants, due to the fact that NaCl improved their growth.
J. Sheikhi, A. Ronaghi,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (2-2013)
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and salinity on dry matter yield, N uptake, nitrate (NO3-) concentration, agronomic efficiency (AE), physiologic efficiency (PE), apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) and chlorophyll content of spinach shoots (cv. Viroflay), and also total N, NO3-N and electrical conductivity of post-harvest soil. The experiment was factorial, arranged as a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included five N rates (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg/kg soil, as urea) and four salinity levels (0, 1, 2 and 3 g NaCl per kg soil). Results showed that application of 1 and 2 g NaCl had no significant effect on shoot yield of spinach. But application of 3 g NaCl significantly decreased shoot yield. Addition of salinity had no significant effect on plant NO3− concentration, leaf chlorophyll readings, AE and ANR of shoots, and total N of post-harvest soil but reduced PE. Increasing N rate increased yield, total N uptake and chlorophyll readings of shoots, and total N of post-harvest soil: but reduced AE and PE. Application of high N level intensified the negative effects of 3 g NaCl salinity on reduction of spinach shoots' yield. Under the present experimental conditions, salinity tolerance level of Viroflay cultivar was higher than 8 dS/m, which is much more than the level reported in most references for spinach (2 dS/m). Application of 225 mg N (without salinity application) was the best N level for dry matter yield of spinach.
Omid Babaei Moghadam, Ali Shahnazari, Mirkhalegh Ziatabar-Ahmadi, Ghasem Aghajani,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract
In order to simulate different methods of deficit irrigation through saline tension application, on physical characteristics of Caopea been roots, a study was carried out in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University greenhouse. The research was carried out in 2001, in completely randomized block with 5 treatments and 3 replications and under hydroponic cultivation under Hogland culture medium. The treatments were: no-tension (WS) (Ec=0.8 mmhos/cm) DS1 and DS2 in which the whole roots were in solutions of EC=2.3 mmhos/cm and EC=3.6 mmhos/cm, respectively. PRS1 and PRS2 which root divided in two parts and in one part no- tension medium and in another part roots were in the solutions of EC=2.3 mmhos/cm and EC=3.6 mmhos/cm, respectively. 16 stage from roots were photographed for 45 days after application of treatment and parameters of diameter, length, area and root volume were measured. The results showed that salinity treatments on length of root growth and hence on growth of area and volume had significant effect. As the cultivation medium with EC=3.6 mmhos/cm, decreased the root growth severely in both WS and PRS, this amount of EC is not recommended for Caopea been growth.
M. Khalilpour, V. Mozafari ,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (11-2016)
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of benzyladenine, nitrogen and salinity on growth characteristics of pistachio seedlings, cv. Badami Zarand, a factorial experiment with three factors: benzyladenine (0, 250 and 500 mg/L), nitrogen (0 and 100 mg N/kg soil as NH4NO3) and salinity (0 and 2000 mg NaCl/kg soil) was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications for 24 weeks under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that although salinity significantly decreased dry weight of shoots and roots of the seedlings, but application of 500 mg/L benzyladenine increased dry weight of shoots and roots by 125 and 86 percent, respectively. However, simultaneous application of nitrogen and benzyladenine increased dry weight of shoots and roots more than 3 and 2 folds, respectively. Results also showed that salt stress significantly decreased leaf area and length of root system. But simultaneous application of nitrogen and the highest concentration of benzyladenine increased leaf area and length of root system more than 3 and 2.5 folds, respectively. The results of triple effects also showed that although height, leaf number and stem diameter significantly decreased under saline conditions, but simultaneous application of nitrogen and benzyladenine resulted in more prominent increase of these growth characteristics than individual application of these treatments. Finally, it is concluded that simultaneous application of nitrogen and benzyladenine resulted in more effective reduction of harmful effects of salinity on growth characteristics of pistachio seedlings than application of these treatments alone.
S. Eshghi, S. Moharami, B. Jamali,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (1-2017)
Abstract
Because of increasing trend in salinization of water sources, and inevitable using non-traditional water, a research was planned to determine the tolerance range of strawberry cv. Paros to salinity and possible role of salicylic acid (SA) in ameliorating its adverse effect on plant growth. In this research, effect of different salinity levels (0, 20 and 40 mM in nutrient solution) and SA (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L as foliar spray) on this plant was investigated. Rooted plants of strawberry were cultivated in 3 L plastic pots, filled with 1:1 ratio of perlite and cocopeat under greenhouse conditions. Day and night temperatures were 23±3 and 15±3 oC and relative humidity was about 60 to 70%. After establishment of plants, salinity treatments were carried out. Results indicated that salt stress had adverse influence on most of the parameters and caused reduction in shoot and root fresh and dry weight, and also decreased vitamin C concentration of fruits. Foliar application of SA solution at 200 mg/L caused an increase in tolerance level of plants and improved such characteristics as leaf area, shoot and root fresh and dry weight and yield. This ameliorative effect of SA decreased along with increase in salinity concentration to 40 mM. In general, SA could mitigate the detrimental effect of saline conditions on growth of strawberry plants, especially at 200 mg/L concentration.
A. Sedaghatpoor, B. Zahedi, A. Ehtesham Nia,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
In dry and semi-arid areas, water and soil salinity can limit crop production. Evaluation of plants salt tolerance to grow in saline areas is, therefore, important. To investigate the effects of salinity on ten different pepper genotypes, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was carried out with three replications at Lorestan University Greenhouse, in 2014. The first factor was salinity treatment using sodium chloride (NaCl) at four levels of zero, 25, 50 and 75 mmol per liter (mM); the second one consisted of 10 different genotypes of Chili pepper (including Bane, Mahal, Sabzevar, Urmia, Minab, Tabriz, Lordegan, Branch, Maragheh and Ghale-jigh). Statistical analysis indicated that the characteristics of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, fresh and dry weights of root and leaf dry weight were significantly reduced with increasing salinity level. Therefore, all studied traits in the 75 mM salinity level had experienced the most decrease, as compared to the control. The results also showed that only the amount of proline was increased with raising salinity, so the least amount of proline belonged to the control treatment, while the highest one was observed for 75 mM treatment.
L. Cheheltanan, B. Baninasab, M. Gholami,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that severely affect the yield and quality of plants. The use of hydrogen sulfide in low concentrations increases tolerance to various stresses, including salinity in plants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on reducing the damage to almond rootstock under salinity stress. The experiment was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments included four levels of salinity (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl) and four concentrations of H2S (0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mM). Results showed that salinity stress, especially at a concentration of 90 mM NaCl caused a significant decrease in stem height, relative chlorophyll and leaf relative water content and a significant increase in injury rating value, electrolyte leakage, proline and sodium concentrations of root and shoot, activities of catalase and peroxidase of leaf. However, H2S at concentrations of 0.10 and 0.15 mM improved plant growth with a decrease in electrolyte leakage and sodium concentration of root, and a significant increase in proline, relative chlorophyll and antioxidant enzyme activity ameliorated the negative effect of salinity stress and improved plant growth.
M. Manzari Tavakoli, B. Zahedi, H. R. Roosta,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Today, soil salinization and alkalization have become an environmental problem that has limited agricultural production. The use of silicon and LED light can reduce the limitation of agricultural production in saline and alkaline conditions. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in three replications was implemented to investigate the effect of sodium silicate and light sources in reducing salinity and alkalinity stress on Physalis angulate L. Treatments included sodium silicate at 0 and 75 mg L-1, four sources of natural light greenhouse (control), red light (100%), blue light (100%) and 70% red light + 30% blue light and NaHCO3 + NaCl at 0, 10 + 40 and 20 + 80 mM. The results showed that simultaneous use of silicon and LED light in all three conditions of non-stress, mild and severe stresses increased the leaf relative water content and water use efficiency, particularly in severe stress condition. The use of silicon increased the contents of phenol and proline in both non-stress and stress conditions, and the use of LED especially blue + red light, also increased these factors. Although the interactions of the studied factors were not significant on the amount of soluble sugars, glutamine synthetase enzyme of root and shoot, Mn and Zn and SPAD index, the application of silicon as well as LED light had an increasing effect on all these factors. Therefore, the use of silicon and LED light can improve the growth factors of Physalis angulata L. and increase the resistance of this plant to salinity-alkalinity stress.
Z. Khodadadi, M. Moudi, S.m. Mousavi-Kuohi, M.s. Hosseinzadeh,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (8-2024)
Abstract
Abstract
In some saline areas, pollutants such as heavy metals have been spread due to industrial activities. Halophyte plants can be useful for phytoremediation of such areas. To investigate the effect of salinity and heavy metal copper and their interaction effect on the halophyte plant Bassia scoparia L., two factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design in hydroponics laboratory of Birjand University. In the first experiment, interaction effects of five levels of salinity (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM) and five levels of copper (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L) on the germination characteristics of B. scoparia seeds were measured. Results of this experiment showed that the increase in salinity and copper concentration had a significant negative effect on the germination and growth of seedlings. In the second experiment, the effects of three levels of salinity (0, 100, and 300 mM) and three levels of copper (0, 50, and 100 mg/L) on the traits related to growth and sodium and copper contents in root and shoot were investigated in pot culture. Salinity significantly increased the amount of sodium in root and shoot but did not affect the amount of copper in root and shoot. In the copper treated conditions, amount of this metal increased in root and shoot of B. scoparia. However, by having accumulation factors of less than one, B. scoparia does not seem suitable for plant extraction of copper, although it can be used to stabilize this metal by having a suitable biomass and considerable absorption of copper in root.
Background and Objective: One of the serious environmental pollutants is heavy metals, which have been rapidly increasing over the years due to industrial processes and human activities. Copper (Cu) is one of the heavy metals that causes toxicity in many plant species. Screening different plants is very important to know their capability for phytoremediation of heavy metals, especially under stressful environmental conditions such as salt stress. This research examines the phytoremediation capability of Bassia scoparia L. for copper under salt stress.
Methods: To investigate the effect of different levels of salinity and Cu and their interaction on B. scoparia, two factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the interaction effects of five levels of salinity (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM NaCl) and five levels of Cu (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L) on the germination characteristics of B. scoparia seeds were measured. In the second experiment, the effects of three levels of salinity (0, 100, and 300 mM) and three levels of Cu (0, 50, and 100 mg/L) on the lengths and dry weights of root and shoot, the amounts of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid, the amounts of Na and Cu in the root and shoot were investigated. After measuring the concentrations of Na and Cu in the roots and shoots, the accumulation coefficients of these elements, including bioconcentration factor (BCF), accumulation factor (AF), and translocation factor (AF) were also calculated.
Results: The results of the first experiment showed that the increase in salinity and Cu had a significant effect on the percentage, index, and speed of germination, lengths of shoot and root, and dry weights of shoot and root of seedlings so that both treatments and their combination reduced these germination traits. Germination almost stopped under the simultaneous treatment of Cu and salinity at high concentrations. According to the results of the second experiment, salt and Cu at high concentrations caused a decrease in the growth and development of the plant, and this decrease was greater under their combined stressful conditions. Salinity significantly increased the amounts of sodium in the root and shoot but did not affect the amounts of Cu in the root and shoot. In the copper treated conditions, the amount of this metal was increased in the root and shoot of plants.
Conclusions: Although B. scoparia shows high resistance to salinity and tolerates moderate concentrations of Cu, it is unable to tolerate the simultaneous treatment of Cu and salinity. It is also sensitive to high concentrations of Cu. Moreover, considering that the accumulation coefficients (AF, BCF, and TF) for Cu in B. scoparia were less than one, this plant does not seem to be suitable for plant extraction of Cu, although it can be used to stabilize this metal by having suitable biomass and significant absorption of Cu in the root.
References:
1. Al Defferi, M. E., AL-Janabi, Q. A., Mustafa, S. A., AL-Muttarri, A. K., 2019. Phytoremediation of lead and nickel by Bassia scoparia. Plant Arch. 19(2), 3830–3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22142.13128.
2. Mousavi Kouhi, S. M., Moudi, M., 2020. Assessment of phytoremediation potential of native plant species naturally growing in a heavy metal-polluted saline–sodic soil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27(9), 10027–10038. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-019-07578-6.
3. Usman, A. R. A., Kuzyakov, Y., Stahr, K., 2018. Effect of immobilizing substances and salinity on heavy metals availability to wheat grown on sewage sludge-contaminated soil. Soil Sediment Contam. 14(4), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320380590954051.
