Soil and Plant Interactions

fa تأثیر کاربرد سطوح مختلف ورمی‌کمپوست بر رشد و ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی-زینتی بوصیر (Verbascum thapsus) در شرایط تنش خشکی The Effect of Using Different Levels of Vermicompost on The Growth and Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Medicinal-Ornamental Plant of Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) Under Drought Stress Conditions رشد گیاهان در شرایط تنش Plant growth under stressful conditions پژوهشي Research  استفاده از کودهای آلی به‌دلیل تأثیر مناسب در اصلاح ویژگی‌های مختلف خاک، حفظ سلامت محیط‌زیست و رشد بهتر گیاه از جمله راه‌کارهای مناسب در تولید ارگانیک گیاهان دارویی است. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد سطوح مختلف ورمی‌کمپوست بر رشد و ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی-زینتی بوصیر در شرایط تنش خشکی، پژوهشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل کاربرد کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست در سه سطح صفر، 4 و 8 کیلوگرم در مترمربع (معادل صفر، 4 و 8 تن در هکتار) و تنش خشکی در دو سطح بدون تنش و تنش ملایم خشکی آبیاری در زمان 50 درصد گنجایش مزرعه‌ای (FC) خاک بود. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد کود ورمی‌کمپوست و تنش خشکی باعث بهبود صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی بوصیر شد. بیش‌ترین ارتفاع ساقه، گل ساقه، تعداد برگ، ارتفاع گل‌آذین، وزن خشک شاخساره، طول ریشه با کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست در سطوح 4 و 8 کیلوگرم در مترمربع به‌دست آمد. کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست در سطح 8 کیلوگرم در مترمربع باعث افزایش رنگ‌دانه‌های کلروفیل و آنتوسیانین به‌ترتیب به‌مقدار 53/7 و 122 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد شد. مشاهده شد که با اعمال ورمی‌کمپوست در سطوح 4 و 8 کیلوگرم در مترمربع تغییرات معنی‌داری در صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه بوصیر رخ داد. از طرف دیگر ترکیب تیمار ورمی‌کپوست و تنش خشکی ملایم نیز باعث تغییرات مثبت در صفات گیاه شد. بنابراین اعمال تنش ملایم خشکی و از طرف دیگر برای بهبود رشد رویشی و افزایش تولید زایشی گیاه بوصیر، کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست در سطح 4 کیلوگرم در مترمربع (معادل 4 تن در هکتار) پیشنهاد می‌شود. Abstract The use of organic fertilizers is one of the appropriate ways to produce medicinal plants due to their proper impact on the various soil properties, maintaining environmental health and better plant growth. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of various vermicompost levels on the growth and the morphological and physiological properties of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, under drought stress conditions. The research was carried out in the form of split plots in a complete blocks design with four replicates. Experimental treatments included the use of vermicompost organic fertilizer at three levels of zero, 4, and 8 kg/m2 (equivalent to zero, 4, and 8 tons per hectare) and drought stress at two levels of normal irrigation (no stress) and irrigation at 50% of soil field capacity (FC). The results showed that the use of vermicompost and drought stress improved the morphological and physiological traits of the medicinal plant of Mullein. The highest height of the stem, the stem flower, the number of leaves, the height of the flower, the dry weight of shoot, and the root length were obtained by the use of vermicompost at 4 and 8 kg/m2 levels. The use of vermicompost at the rate of 8 kg/m2 increased chlorophyll and anthocyanin, respectively, by 53.7 and 122% compared to control. It was observed that by applying vermicompost at the levels of 4 and 8 kg/m2, significant changes in the morphological and physiological traits of the Mullein plant occurred. On the other hand, the combination of vermicompost application and mild drought stress also caused positive changes in the plant traits. Therefore, mild drought stress, and also for improving the vegetative growth and reproductive efficiency of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, the use of vermicompost at 4 kg/m2 (equivalent to 4 tons per hectare) are recommended. Background and Objective: Due to the lack of water resources, it is important to introduce and use native plant species with valuable medicinal properties such as the Mullein (1). The use of organic fertilizers is one of the appropriate ways to produce medicinal plants due to its proper impact on the various soil properties, maintaining environmental health and better plant growth (2). Drought is one of the environmental stresses that affect the plant growth, structure and activities, and plant response to environmental stresses varies in morphological, cellular, and molecular levels. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of various vermicompost levels on the growth and the morphological and physiological properties of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, under drought stress conditions. Methods: The research was carried out in a research farm in the form of split plots in a complete blocks design with four replicates. Experimental treatments included the application of vermicompost organic fertilizer at three levels of zero, 4, and 8 kg/m2 (equivalent to zero, 4, and 8 tons per hectare) and drought stress at two levels of normal irrigation (no stress) and irrigation at 50% soil field capacity (FC). Then, the morphological and physiological properties of the Mullein were determined and analyzed. Results: The results showed that the use of vermicompost fertilizer and drought stress improved the morphological and physiological traits of the medicinal plant. The highest height of the stem, the stem flower, the number of leaves, the height of the flower, the dry weight of shoot, and the root length were obtained by the use of vermicompost at 4 and 8 kg/m2 levels. The use of vermicompost at the rate of 8 kg/m2 increased chlorophyll and anthocyanin, respectively, by 53.7 and 122% compared to the control. The production of most secondary metabolites and plant growth increased significantly in the drought stress condition presumably due to osmotic regulation. It was observed that by applying vermicompost at the levels of 4 and 8 kg/m2, significant changes in the morphological and physiological traits of the Mullein plant occurred. The contents of chlorophyll and anthocyanin pigments increased by 1.67 and 0.25 mg/g, respectively, with the application of vermicompost fertilizer at the rate of 8 kg/m2 compared to the control. Therefore, mild drought stress, and also for improving the vegetative growth and reproductive efficiency of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, the use of vermicompost at 4 kg/m2 (equivalent to 4 tons per hectare) are recommended. Conclusions: Due to improving soil physical and chemical properties and the nutritional conditions, vermicompost was able to increase the plant growth. The combination of vermicompost application and mild drought stress also caused positive changes in the plant traits. Therefore, mild drought stress, and also for improving the vegetative growth and reproductive efficiency of the medicinal-ornamental plant of the Mullein, the use of vermicompost at 4 kg/m2 (equivalent to 4 tons per hectare) are recommended. These results suggest that the planting of Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) provides an opportunity for significant reductions in the water use in urban landscapes. References: 1. Dong, X., Mkala, E., Mutinda, E., Yang, J., Wanga, V., Oulo, M., Onjolo, V., Hu, G., Wang, Q., 2022. Taxonomy, comparative genomics of Verbascum Scrophulariaceae, with implications for the evolution of lamiales. BMC Genomics 23: 1–22. 2. Xiaolu, W., 2016. Drought stress and re-watering increase secondary metabolites and enzyme activity in Dendrobium moniliforme.  Plant-Microbe-Animal Interactions 94: 385–393.   گیاه بوصیر, کود آلی, تنش, گلدهی. Flowering, Organic fertilizer, Stress, Mullein. 41 60 http://jspi.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2089-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 R. Norouzi Esfahani رضا نوروزی اصفهانی reza_norouzi98@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-7611 Yes Department of Landscape Architecture and Plant Science, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak. گروه معماری منظر و علوم گیاهی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک Sh. Khaghani شهاب خاقانی shahab.khaghani@gmail.com No Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak. گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک M. Gomarian مسعود گماریان msgomarian@yahoo.com No Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak. گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک A. Azizi امیر عزیزی zeaodin@yahoo.com No Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak. گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه اراک F. Mortazaeinezhad فروغ مرتضایی‌نژاد Drmortazaeinezhad@gmail.com No Department of Horticulture, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Branch Isfahan. گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان