Soil and Plant Interactions
روابط خاک و گیاه
Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions -Isfahan University of Technology
http://jspi.iut.ac.ir
18
agent2
2783-5014
2783-5286
fa
jalali
1401
12
1
gregorian
2023
3
1
13
4
online
1
fulltext
fa
تأثیر قارچ میکوریزا و باکتری باسیلوس به همراه کود آلی بر رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی فلفل دلمهای (.Capsicum annum L)
Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bacillus sp. Along With Organic Fertilizer on The Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.)
ريزجانداران ریزوسفری محرک رشد گیاه
Plant growth promoting microrganisms in the rhizosphere
پژوهشي
Research
تغییرات اقلیمی و استفاده بیش از حد از کودهای شیمیایی و آفتکشها، اثر تنشهای غیرزیستی بر قابلیت بهرهوری محصولات کشاورزی را تشدید و اکوسیستم را تخریب کرده است. یکی از راهکارها برای تعدیل این فشارها، کاربرد کودهای آلی، همزیستی مایکوریزی و تلقیح میکروبی است. بنابراین بهمنظور بررسی تأثیر کود آلی، قارچ میکوریزا و باسیلوس بر صفات رشدی فلفل دلمهای، آزمایشی بهصورت کرتهای خردشده در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با عامل اصلی کود آلی در دو سطح (با و بدون کود آلی) و عامل فرعی تیمار کود زیستی در چهار سطح [کود زیستی میکوریزا آربسکولار (مخلوط <em>Rhizophagus irregularis</em> + <em>Funeliformis mosseae</em>)، باکتری باسیلوس (مخلوط <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> +<span style="color:#ffffff;">و</span><em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em>)]، مخلوط میکوریزا + باکتری و شاهد بدون تلقیح) و در سه تکرار اجرا شد. ویژگیهای زیستی خاک، جذب عناصر غذایی و ویژگیهای رشد و عملکرد میوه پس از برداشت بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد کود آلی و قارچ میکوریزا وزن خشک شاخساره (بهترتیب 10/3 و 17/4 %) و عملکرد میوه (بهترتیب 11/5 و 19/9 %) را نسبت به شاهد افزایش دادند. بیشترین جمعیت میکروبی (CFU g<sup>-1</sup><span style="color:#ffffff;">و</span>10<sup>7</sup>×1/1) و نسبت R/S<span style="color:#ffffff;">و</span>(110/0) در تیمار کاربرد کود آلی با تلقیح میکوریزی حاصل شد. همزیستی میکوریزا همراه با کود آلی جذب نیتروژن (20/6 %)، فسفر (46/8 %)، آهن (35/6 %) و روی (57/2 %) را نسبت به شاهد بهبود بخشید و جذب پتاسیم را تیمار باسیلوس نسبت به شاهد 22/3 درصد افزایش داد. بهطور کلی، ترکیب کود آلی و قارچ میکوریزا برای کشت فلفل دلمهای گلخانهای مناسب بهنظر میرسند.
<span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="page-break-after:auto"><span style="line-height:130%"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:130%">Abstract</span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Climate changes and agricultural practices such as excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have intensified the effect of abiotic pressures on crop productivity and have destroyed the ecosystem. One of the strategies to moderate these pressures is the use of organic fertilizers, mycorrhizal symbiosis and microbial inoculation. In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi and <i>Bacillus</i> on the growth characteristics of bell pepper, an experiment was carried out as split plots on a randomized complete block design with the main factor of organic fertilizer at two levels (with and without organic fertilizer) and the secondary factor of biofertilizer treatments at four levels [arbuscular mycorrhizal (</span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Rhizophagus irregularis</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> + <i>Funeliformis mosseae</i>), <i>Bacillus</i> (<i>B. subtilis</i> + <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i>)., mycorrhizal + bacteria mixture and control without inoculation] in three replications. Soil biological properties, nutrients uptake and growth characteristics and yield of the fruit were investigated after harvest. The results showed that the organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi application increased the shoot dry weight (10.3% and 17.4%, respectively) and fruit yield (11.5% and 19.9%, respectively) compared to the control. The highest microbial population (1.1 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU g<sup>-1</sup>) and R/S ratio (110.0) were obtained in the organic fertilizer application treatment with mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal symbiosis with organic fertilizer application improved the uptake of nitrogen (20.6%), phosphorus (46.8%), iron (35.6%) and zinc (57.2%) compared to the control, and potassium uptake was improved by <i>Bacillus</i> treatment as compared to the control, it increased by 22.3%. In general, the combination of organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi seems to be suitable for greenhouse bell pepper cultivation.</span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span></span><br>
<b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Background and Objective:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <span style="background:white">Global agriculture faces various problems such as producing food for about 8 billion people by the middle of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. At the same time, people are struggling with economic conditions and malnutrition, as well as fierce competition for natural resources and climate change (4). Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to various environmental problems around the world. Organic </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background:white">farming (and the use of organic and bio-fertilizers) is a holistic development method that improves environmental sustainability, habitats, biogeochemical cycles and soil biological activity without the use of conventional fertilizers or pesticides (2). Mycorrhizal fungi have a significant environmental impact by improving soil quality such as soil biomass, structure and aggregation (1). Beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms that play a role in promoting plant growth can directly or indirectly promote plant growth. In this research, bell pepper plant was used, which is one of the most important fruit vegetables, that plantation area and its consumption are increasing (3). This research seeks to understand the relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and <i>Bacillus</i> bacteria with or without the use of organic fertilizers and their effect on the bell peppergrowth and nutrients uptake under greenhouse conditions.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:black"></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> This research was carried out as split plots on a randomized complete block design with the main factor of organic fertilizer at two levels (with and without organic fertilizer) and the secondary factor of biofertilizer treatments at four levels [arbuscular mycorrhizal (</span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Rhizophagus irregularis</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> + <i>Funeliformis mosseae</i>), <i>Bacillus</i> (<i>B. amyloliquefaciens </i>+<i> B. subtilis</i>), mycorrhizal + bacteria mixture and control without inoculation] in three replications. Organic fertilizer with the origin of decomposed animal manure was added in the rate of 3 kg m<sup>-2</sup> to the bed soil in the main plots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was prepared from Pishtaz Varian Biotechnology Company, and was added to planting hole in 10 grams (20 spores per gram) during seedling plantation. Pepper seedlings were placed in a suspension containing <i>Bacillus</i> bacteria (two <span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">liters containing 10<sup>8</sup> bacteria cells per liter) for 25 minutes and then planted in the greenhouse bed (1). Soil biological properties, nutrients uptake, growth characteristics and yield of the fruit were investigated after harvest.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span></b></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Results:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> The results showed that the organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi application increased the shoot dry weight (10.3% and 17.4%, respectively) and fruit yield (11.5% and 19.9%, respectively). The highest microbial population (1.1 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU g<sup>-1</sup>) and R/S ratio (110.0) were obtained in the organic fertilizer application treatment with mycorrhizal inoculation. Plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and without organic fertilizer had the highest microbial inoculation efficiency (22.73%), which showed a significant difference with the plants inoculated with <i>Bacillus</i> bacteria (2.23%). Mycorrhizal symbiosis with organic fertilizer application improved the uptake of nitrogen (20.6%), phosphorus (46.8%), iron (35.6%) and zinc (57.2%) compared to the control. The potassium uptake was improved by <i>Bacillus</i> treatment as compared to the control (i.e., it increased by 22.3%). In general, the combination of organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi seems to be suitable for greenhouse bell pepper cultivation.</span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Conclusions: </span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with plant is the best biological<b> </b>relationship that improves the growth and productivity of plants. It plays a significant role in increasing yield and improving fruit ripening in bell pepper production. Overall, the effect of organic fertilizer and microbial inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and <i>Bacillus</i> bacteria on the growth of bell pepper showed that the application of these treatments had a significant effect on the most of the measured characteristics and increased these traits except for plant height.</span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt">References: </span></b></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background:white">1. Kumari, R., Bhatnagar, S., Deepali, N, Mehla, N, Vashistha, A. 2022. </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Potential of organic amendments (AM fungi, PGPR, vermicompost and seaweeds) in combating salt stress- a review. <i>Plant Stress</i> 6: 100111. <span style="background:white">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2022.100111.</span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background:white">2. Lobley, M., Butler, A., Reed, M. 2009. The contribution of organic farming to rural development: an exploration of the socio-economic linkages of organic and non-organic farms in England. <i>Land Use Policy</i> 263: 723–735. </span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="color:black"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background:white">3. Prasad, M., Srinivasan, R., Chaudhary, M., Choudhary, M., Jat, L.K., 2019. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for sustainable agriculture: perspectives and challenges. In: Singh, A.K., Kumar, A., Singh, P.K. (Eds.), PGPR Amelioration in Sustainable Agriculture (Food Security and Environmental Management), pp. 129–157. </span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background:white">4. Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Gong, Z., Zhu, J.K., 2022. Abiotic stress responses in plants. <i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i> 23(2): 104–119.</span></span></span>
باکتری محرک رشد, عملکرد میوه, فسفر, فلفل, همزیستی میکوریزی.
Fruit yield, Growth promoting bacteria, Pepper, Phosphorus, Mycorrhizal symbiosis.
89
104
http://jspi.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2082-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
H.
Nejati Sini
حسین
نجاتی سینی
nejati001amir@gmail.com
1800319475328460012771
1800319475328460012771
No
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Iran.
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، چهارمحال و بختیاری، ایران
R.
Barzegar
رحیم
برزگر
Barzegar@sku.ac.ir
1800319475328460012772
1800319475328460012772
No
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Iran.
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، چهارمحال و بختیاری، ایران
S.
Soodaee Mashaee
صاحب
سودائی مشائی
soodaie@sku.ac.ir
1800319475328460012773
1800319475328460012773
Yes
Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Iran.
گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، چهارمحال و بختیاری، ایران
M.
Ghasemi Ghahsare
مسعود
قاسمی قهساره
mghasemi1352@gmail.com
1800319475328460012774
1800319475328460012774
No
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Iran.
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، چهارمحال و بختیاری، ایران