Soil and Plant Interactions

fa تأثیر کاربرد لجن فاضلاب شهری و سوپرفسفات تریپل بر برخی ویژگی‌های رشدی و جذب فسفر کینوا در شرایط غیرشور و شور Influence of Municipal Sewage Sludge and Triple Superphosphate Application on Some Growth Traits and P Uptake of Quinoa Under Non-Saline and Saline Conditions رشد گیاهان در شرایط تنش Plant growth under stressful conditions پژوهشي Research <div>هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر کاربرد جداگانه و توأم دو منبع آلی و معدنی فسفر بر ویژگی‌های رشدی، عملکرد و جذب فسفر گیاه کینوا در شرایط غیرشور و شور بود. بدین منظور، پژوهشی گلدانی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی شامل 3 سطح لجن فاضلاب شهری (صفر، 0/25 و 0/5 درصد وزنی به‌ترتیب M0،وM1 و M2)، 3 سطح سوپر فسفات تریپل (صفر، 29 و 38 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک به‌ترتیب T0،وT1 و T2)، و 2 سطح شوری آب آبیاری (2 و 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) با 3 تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش شوری منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار تمام ویژگی‌های رشدی، عملکرد و جذب فسفر در گیاه کینوا در مقایسه با شرایط غیرشور شد اما افزودن تیمارها به‌ویژه کاربرد توأم دو منبع کودی تا حدی آثار منفی شوری را تعدیل کرد. در شرایط غیرشور، تیمار T2M2 بیش‌ترین تأثیر را در بهبود وزن خشک شاخساره، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد دانه و جذب فسفر داشت به‌گونه‌ای‌که این صفات را به‌ترتیب 2/8، 1/5، 3/1 و 13/7 برابر در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش داد. در شرایط شور، اگرچه بیش‌ترین مقدار ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی در تیمار T2M2 مشاهده شد اما با توجه به نبود تفاوت معنی‌‌دار بین این تیمار و T1M2 از یک‌سو و لزوم مدیریت صحیح مصرف کود از سویی دیگر، کاربرد تیمار T1M2 توصیه می‌شود. افزایش جذب فسفر در تیمارهای T2M2 و T1M2 و بهبود ماده آلی خاک از دلایل برتری این تیمارها در افزایش ویژگی‌های رشدی گیاه کینوا بود.</div> Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the effect of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and triple superphosphate (TSP) application on some growth traits and P uptake of quinoa under saline and non-saline conditions. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design with 3 TSP levels (0, 29 and 38 mg kg-1 soil, named as T0, T1 and T2, respectively), 3 MSS levels (0, 0.25 and 0.5 %w/w, named as M0, M1 and M2, respectively), 2 irrigation water salinity levels (2 and 12 dS m−1, named as non-saline and saline, respectively) and 3 replicates. The results showed that, although all the growth traits of quinoa significantly decreased by increasing of irrigation water salinity, application of MSS and TSP (especially combined treatments) was able to diminish the negative effect of salinity. In the non-saline condition, the highest amounts of shoot dry weight, seed yield and P uptake were observed for T2M2, which were 2.8, 3.1 and 13.7 times more than T0M0, respectively. In the saline condition, although T2M2 had the greatest enhancement in all the measured traits, there was no statistically difference between this treatment and T1M2. This result suggested that application of T1M2 in the saline condition was more convenient for improving the growth of quinoa as well as fertilizer management. The T2M2 and T1M2 were the best treatments in the non-saline and saline conditions, respectively, probably due to improvement of P uptake by quinoa as well as increase of soil organic matter content. Background and Objective: Due to the P reactions with soil components, all of the P applied to soils is not available to plants, hence, it is necessary to improve P use efficiency. Application of organic compound (e.g., municipal sewage sludge) as a P fertilizer into soil is one of the ways to enhance soil P supply. The P availability issue is much more important in saline lands because in addition to soil components, salinity directly affects nutrient uptake and translocation (Bouras et al., 2022). Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the effect of the individual and combined applications of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and triple superphosphate (TSP) on some growth traits and P uptake of quinoa under non-saline and saline conditions. Materials and Methods: A pot experiment was laid in a completely randomized factorial design with 3 MSS levels (0, 0.25 and 0.5 %w/w, named as M0, M1 and M2, respectively), 3 TSP levels (0, 29 and 38 mg kg-1 soil, named as T0, T1 and T2, respectively), 2 irrigation water salinity levels (2 and 12 dS m−1, named as non-saline and saline, respectively) and 3 replicates. Three months after planting, the plants were harvested for recording plant height, stem diameter and panicle length. The shoots were oven-dried at 70°C and the shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight and seed yield were measured. Additionally, the shoot dry was crushed, ashed at 450°C and extracted by 0.1 M HCl solution to determine the content of P by molybdate method (Murphy and Riley, 1962). Furthermore, soil within the pots was air-dried, crushed gently and analyzed for the determination of electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic carbon content. Statistical analyses were performed with MSTATC 1.42 and the means were compared by Duncan’s test at p < 0.05. Results: The results showed that all of the studied traits of quinoa in the saline condition were significantly lower than the non-saline condition. In other words, salinity had a negative effect on the growth of quinoa. However, application of MSS and TSP (especially the combined treatments) could improve the growth traits of quinoa. In the non-saline condition, the maximum values of shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight and seed yield were found in T2M2, which were 2.8, 1.2 and 3.1 times higher than that of the T0M0 treatment, respectively. Likeness, the higher shoot P uptake (86.9 mg pot-1) was observed in the T2M2 treatment. Nevertheless, T1M2 was the best treatment in the saline condition as there was no significant difference between the studied traits in this treatment and T2M2. Furthermore, the non-significant effect of MSS on soil EC and its positive effect on soil organic carbon content were other advantageous aspects of this compound. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the treatments on the studied traits of quinoa were as follows: individual application of TSP < individual application of MSS < combined application of TSP and MSS. Therefore, the results suggested that the use of organic resources with mineral P fertilizer can minimize the adverse effects of salinity and improve the growth and yield of quinoa. References: 1. Bouras, H., Choukr-Allah, R., Amouaouch, Y., Bouaziz, A., Devkota, K.P., El Mouttaqi, A., Bouazzama, B., Hirich, A., 2022. How does quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) respond to phosphorus fertilization and irrigation water salinity? Plants 11 (2), 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020216. 2. Murphy, J.A.M.E.S., Riley, J.P., 1962. A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta. 27, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5. شبه‌غله, شوری, عملکرد دانه, کربن آلی خاک. Soil organic carbon, Pseudo-cereal, Salinity, Seed yield. 1 16 http://jspi.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2012-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hadis Hatami حدیث حاتمی h.hatami@areeo.ac.ir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-5773 Yes National Salinity Research Center (NSRC), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran. مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، یزد، ایران