Soil and Plant Interactions

fa تأثیر قارچ مایکوریزا، اسید هیومیک و اسید سالیسیلیک بر صفات مورفولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی و میزان جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاه بادرنجبویه (Melissa officinalis L. cv Citronella) Effect of Mycorrhiza Fungus, Humic Acid, and Salicylic Acid on Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics and Nutrient Uptake of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L. cv Citronella) فراهمي آب و عناصر غذایی خاك براي گياه Availability of soil water and nutrients for plant پژوهشي Research امروزه تلاش‌های زیادی به‌منظور یافتن راه‌های مناسب برای ارتقاء کیفیت خاک و محصولات کشاورزی انجام گرفته است، که یکی از این راهکارها به‌کار بردن کودهای زیستی و کودهای آلی است. این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی اثر قارچ مایکوریزا (M) (Funneliformis mosseae) و سطوح مختلف اسید هیومیک (HA) (صفر، 200 و 400 میلی‌گرم در هر گلدان) و اسید سالیسلیک (SA) (صفر، 100 و 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) بر شاخص‌های رشدی، صفات بیوشیمیایی و میزان عناصر غذایی در گیاه بادرنجبویه (Melissa officinalis L. cv. Citronella) در گلخانه‌ای در شمال ایران اجرا شد. آزمایش به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار انجام شد. نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش نشان داد، تمام تیمارها بر صفات مورد بررسی اثر معنی‌دار داشتند. بیش‌ترین مقادیر وزن تازه و خشک شاخساره، فنل کل، فلاونوئید، نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم در تیمار M +وHAو400 +وSAو200 مشاهده شد و بیش‌ترین وزن تازه و خشک ریشه و حجم ریشه در تیمار M +وHAو400 + SAو100 به‌دست آمد. همچنین بیش‌ترین محتوای کلروفیل کل و عملکرد اسانس در تیمار M +وHAو200 +وSAو200 به‌دست آمد. به‌طور کلی تیمار قارچ مایکوریزا به همراه اسید هیومیک 400 میلی‌گرم در هر گلدان و اسید سالیسیلیک 200 میلی‌گرم در لیتر تیمار مؤثری برای بهبود رشد رویشی، صفات بیوشیمیایی و جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاه بادرنجبویه است. Abstract Many efforts have been made to find suitable ways to improve the quality of soil and agricultural products, among which are biofertilizers and organic fertilizers. This study was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungus (M) (Funneliformis mosseae), different levels of humic acid (HA) (0, 200, and 400 mg pot-1) and salicylic acid (SA) (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) on the growth indices, biochemical characteristics and nutrient levels of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. cv Citronella) in a greenhouse in northern Iran. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the measured variables. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoot, phenol and flavonoid, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents were observed in the M + HA 400 + SA 200 treatment and the highest fresh and dry weights of shoot and root volume were obtained in the M + HA 400 + SA 100 treatment. Also, the maximum total chlorophyll content and essential oil yield were obtained in the M + HA 200 + SA 200 treatment. In general, mycorrhizal fungus with humic acid 400 mg pot-1 and salicylic acid 200 mg L-1 treatment is effective to improve vegetative growth, essential oil and nutrient uptake in lemon balm. Background and Objective: Today, due to environmental considerations, the organic fertilizers have been widely used to enhance crop yield and soil properties. An approach to achieve sustainable agriculture is to apply microorganisms including mycorrhiza fungi that play an important role in meeting the nutritional demand of plants. Mycorrhiza fungi improve plant nutrient uptake and transport (e.g., phosphorus and nitrogen, potassium, copper and zinc) and ultimately plant growth by expanding the hyphae network and increasing plant root. Humic acid is a weak organic acid that improves soil fertility, provides nutrients and affects quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants by affecting plant growth-regulating hormones and benefit plant growth by chelating unavailable nutrients to overcome nutrient deficiencies (Nejati Sini et al., 2023). Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound that can increase plant growth, chlorophyll content andabsorption and co-transport of ions (Kakaei et al., 2023). This study aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and different levels of humic acid and salicylic acid on morphological and biochemical characteristics and nutrients value of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. cv Citronella). Methods: This research was conducted as completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments consisted of mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid (0, 200, and 400 mg pot-1) and salicylic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1). Seeds of lemon balm (Citronella cultivar) were planted directly in pots. For each kilogram of soil, 100 grams of inoculums was placed at a depth of 3 cm in the pots. Humic acid (HA) treatment was applied by irrigation at the time of seed sowing and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) in two stages (second and third weeks after cultivation). Sampling was done two weeks after the last treatment to evaluate the traits of fresh and dry weights of shoot and root, root volume, total chlorophyll, phenol, flavonoid, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus contents, and essential oil yield. Results: The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weights of shoot, phenol and flavonoid, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents were observed in the M + HA 400 + SA 200 treatment and the highest fresh and dry weights of shoot and root volume were obtained in the M + HA 400 + SA 100 treatment. Also, the maximum total chlorophyll content and essential oil yield were obtained in the M + HA 200 + SA 200 treatment, while the lowest level of evaluated traits was observed in the control. Conclusions: In general, mycorrhizal fungus with humic acid 400 mg pot-1 and salicylic acid 200 mg L-1 treatment is effective to improve vegetative growth, essential oil and nutrient uptake in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. cv Citronella). References: 1. Nejati Sini, H., Barzegar, R., Soodaee Mashaee, S., Ghasemi Ghahsare, M., 2023. Mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus sp. along with organic fertilizer on the growth and nutrient uptake of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.). J. Soil Plant Interact. 13(4), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.47176/jspi.13.4.20821. (In Persian with English abstract) 2. Kakaei, H., Amirinejad, A.A., Ghobadi, M., 2023. Effect of salicylic acid foliar application on growth characteristics in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) under lead stress conditions. J. Soil Plant Interact. 14(3), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.47176/jspi.14.3.20162. (In Persian with English abstract) اسانس, سیترونلا, فنل, کود زیستی, کلروفیل کل. Biofertilizer, Citronella, Essential oil, Phenol, Total chlorophyll. 35 51 http://jspi.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2135-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mehdi Hamzeh Mohamadabadi مهدی حمزه محمدآبادی mehdi.hamze61@yahoo.com.Alireza@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1006-4575 No Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran. گیاهان دارویی ادویه‌‌ای و نوشابه‌ای، گروه علوم باغبانی، واحد علی آباد کتول، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علی آباد کتول، ایران Alireza Ladan Moghaddam علیرضا لادن مقدم ladanmoghadam.Alireza@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-5863 Yes Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran. گیاهان دارویی ادویه‌‌ای و نوشابه‌ای، گروه علوم باغبانی، واحد علی آباد کتول، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علی آباد کتول، ایران Elham Danaee الهام دانائی dr.edanaee@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2494-2011 No Department of Horticultural Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran. گروه علوم باغبانی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران Vahid Abdossi وحید عبدوسی abdossi@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-9542 No Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. گروه علوم باغی و زراعی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران