Soil and Plant Interactions

fa بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف، روش و زمان اعمال کاربید کلسیم بر رشد و عملکرد خیار تک‌پایه (.Cucumis sativus L) Effect of Different Levels, Method and Time of Application of Calcium Carbide on The Growth and Yield of Monoicous Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) فراهمي آب و عناصر غذایی خاك براي گياه Availability of soil water and nutrients for plant پژوهشي Research کاربید کلسیم (CaC2) منبع خوبی از استیلن و اتیلن بوده و این ترکیبات نقش مؤثری در فرآیندهای فیزیولوژیک گیاهان و بیان جنسیّت گل در خیار دارد. به‌منظور بررسی اثر روش، مقدار و زمان مصرف سطوح مختلف کاربید کلسیم بر شاخص‌های رشدی و عملکرد خیار تک‌پایه (.Cucumis sativus L)، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه‌ای واقع در شهرستان گلوگاه استان مازندران اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل مقادیر مختلف کاربید کلسیم (صفر، 5، 10 و 15 گرم بر مترمربع) بودند که به سه روش (جامد، مایع و گاز) و در سه مرحله رشدی گیاه (4، 6 و 8 برگی) اعمال شدند. نتایج نشان داد بیش‌ترین تعداد و عملکرد میوه به‌ترتیب با مقادیر 30/4 عدد و 3/08 کیلوگرم در بوته در تیمار کاربید کلسیم 15 گرم بر مترمربع در زمان شش‌برگی و با روش کاربرد مایع حاصل شد. همچنین بیش‌ترین وزن تازه شاخساره و ریشه، ارتفاع بوته، سطح برگ، میزان نیتروژن برگ و محتوای کلروفیل کل در تیمار کاربید کلسیم 10 گرم در مترمربع در زمان شش‌برگی و با روش کاربرد گازی مشاهده شد. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده کاربرد کاربید کلسیم در مرحله شش‌برگی و با غلظت‌های 10 گرم در مترمربع به‌صورت گاز و 15 گرم در مترمربع به‌صورت مایع به‌ترتیب موجب افزایش شاخص‌های رویشی و عملکرد خیار تک‌پایه شد. Abstract Calcium carbide (CaC2) is a good source of acetylene and ethylene; these compounds have an effective role on the physiological processes of plants and the expression of sex in cucumber. To investigate the effect of the method and time of application of different levels of calcium carbide on the growth indicators and yield of monoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete blocks design in three replications in a farm located in Galugah city of Mazandaran province. The treatments included different amounts of calcium carbide (zero, 5, 10, 15 g m-2) which were applied in three forms (i.e., solid, liquid and gas) and in three growth stages of the plant (i.e., 4, 6 and 8 leaves). The results showed that the highest number of fruits and fruit yield were obtained for the treatment of calcium carbide of 15 g m-2 in liquid form and at the six leaves level (30.4 and 3.08 kg plant-1, respectively). Also, the highest fresh weights of shoot and root, plant height, leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and total chlorophyll content were observed in the calcium carbide treatment of 10 g m-2 in the gas form and at the time of six leaves. The results indicated that applying calcium carbide at the six-leaves stage with concentrations of 10 g m-2 as a gas and 15 g m-2 in the liquid form increased the vegetative indices and the yield of monoecious cucumber, respectively. Introduction: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the most important species of the Cucurbitaceae family. Calcium carbide is a rich source of acetylene and ethylene. This compound reacts with soil water and leads to the production of acetylene gas and delays the availability of NH4+ and NO3– in the plant, and acetylene acts as a controller of NH4+ and NO3– in the soil. As a result of the activity of natural microorganisms in the soil, especially different strains of Azotobacter, acetylene is converted into ethylene (C2H2 + H2 → C2H4) (Shakar et al., 2015). Therefore, acetylene increases the efficiency of nitrogen consumption due to its role in inhibiting nitrification and reduces the amount and frequency of fertilizer application, which in addition to positive effects on plant growth leads to many economic and environmental benefits (Mastorakis and Iqbal, 2014). This research was conducted to investigate the effect of the method and time of application of different levels of calcium carbide on the growth indices and yield of monoicous cucumber. Methods: The experiment was conducted in 2019 in an area located in Galugah city of Mazandaran province and implemented in a factorial arrangement in the form of a randomized complete blocks design in three replications. The treatments included different amounts of calcium carbide (i.e., zero, 5, 10, 15 g m-2) which were applied in three ways (i.e., solid, liquid and gas) and in three growth stages (i.e. 4, 6 and 8 leaves). Victor (F1) cucumber seeds were planted inside the tray in April. Calcium carbide treatment was applied at intervals of about 7 to 10 days including stages of four, six and eight visible leaves. Sampling and evaluation of traits was done 5 days after the beginning of flowering until the end of harvest. Traits of shoot and root fresh weights, shoot length, internode length, number of lateral branches, leaf area, fruit number, fruit yield, total leaf chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen were evaluated. Results: The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the evaluated traits. Thus, the highest number of fruits per plant (30.4) and fruit yield (3.08 kg plant-1) were obtained in the treatment of calcium carbide 15 g m-2 in the liquid form and at the time of six leaves. Also, the highest fresh weights of shoot (1951 g per plant) and root (150 g per plant), plant height (220 cm), leaf area (336 cm2 per plant), leaf nitrogen content (42 mg g-1) and total chlorophyll content (35 mg g-1) were observed in the calcium carbide treatment of 10 g m-2 in the gas form and at the time of six leaves. Conclusions: According to the obtained results, applying calcium carbide at the six-leaf stage and with concentrations of 10 g m-2 as gas and 15 g m-2 as liquid, respectively, increased the vegetative indices and yield of monoecious cucumber. References: 1. Mastorakis, N.E., Iqbal, S., 2014. Effect of humic acid and calcium carbide on growth and yield of tomato. In: Mastorakis, N.E., Batzias, F., Guarnaccia, C. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Urban Planning, Sustainable Development and Green Energy (Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Urban Sustainability, Cultural Sustainability, Green Development, Green Structures and Clean Cars, USCUDAR '14). WSEAS Press, November 22–24, Florence, Italy, pp. 174–179. 2. Shakar, M., Yaseen, M., Arshad, M., Rizwan, A., 2015. Soil applied calcium carbide-mediated changes in morpho-physiology, femaleness and fruit yield of cucumber plants and their relationship with endogenous plant ethylene. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25, 1685–1692.   تعداد میوه, سطح برگ, شاخص‌های رویشی, عملکرد, نیتروژن. Fruit number, Leaf area, Vegetative indices, Yield, Nitrogen. 37 51 http://jspi.iut.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2148-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hasan Bagherian Lemraski حسن باقریان لمراسکی hassan_bagherianl@yahoo.com 0009-0003-2428-6779 No Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران Kambiz Mashayekhi کامبیز مشایخی kambizm@yahoo.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-7277 Yes Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران Seyyed Alireza Movahedi Naeini سید علیرضا موحدی نائینی salirezam@yahoo.com 0000-0002-5857-2293 No Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده مهندسی آب و خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh سید جواد موسوی‌زاده mousavizadeh@gau.ac.ir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2549-5906 No Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران