Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2024)
2024, 15(1): 1-15 |
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Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ardabil, Iran.
Abstract: (847 Views)
Abstract
Growth-promoting bacteria are among the beneficial soil microorganisms, and by improving the soil quality, they increase the growth and nutritional traits of the plant. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the leaf surface, specific leaf surface and absorption of nutritional elements of hazelnut seedlings, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in the field conditions. The main factor was the origin of the seedling (at two levels: Fandoglou and Makesh) and bacterial inoculation (at five levels: P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloaca, combination of them and Control) with three replications. Twelve seedlings were planted at a distance of 3 × 3 m in holes with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 50 cm on an area of 3240 m2 in the agricultural lands at the neighborhood of Fandoglou forest in Ardabil. The results after four years showed that the inoculated seedlings of both origins were superior in terms of all investigated traits compared to the control (un-inoculated) seedlings. The highest amount of traits was assigned to the seedlings of Fandoglou origin inoculated with the combination of all three bacteria (P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloaca). The leaf area and specific leaf area were 53.1 and 37.7% more in the inoculated seedling compared to the control, respectively. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, iron and zinc in the seedling leaf increased by 59.4, 89.5, 23.7, 45.4 and 60.6% compared to the control, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the planting of hazelnut seedlings inoculated with growth-stimulating bacteria (combination of the three mentioned bacteria) will have more vegetative growth.
Background and Objective: Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is considered one of the most significant species of Ardabil Fandoglou forest in Iran. This species is ecologically and economically important and also is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the traditional medicine. Hazelnut kernel is very important in human nutrition and health as it has different kind of vitamins, healthy oils (mostly oleic acid), protein, fiber and antioxidants. Unfortunately, in recent years, conversion of land use, animal grazing, fire, and excessive cutting of trees (for charcoal production) are among the most important factors in destroying the habitats of this species. Therefore, it is necessary to restore and develop the habitats of hazelnut through the production of healthy and quality seedlings. To increase successful planting programs, the ability of seedlings against environmental stresses should be increased by improving the uptake of water and nutrients (Arias et al., 2007). One of the solutions that has been noticed in recent years, is the application of growth-promoting bacteria. Plant growth-stimulating bacteria are a group of free-living and non-symbiotic rhizosphere bacteria that could improve plant growth by one or more direct and indirect mechanisms (Backer et al., 2018). The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of these microorganisms on the leaf growth and nutrients concentration of hazelnut seedlings in order to provide practical solutions for the development of hazelnut nursery in the neighborhood of the Fandoglou forest of Ardabil.
Methods: In November, similar seedlings were transferred to the area adjacent to the nursery, located in the barren lands of the forest neighborhood. Experiment was carried in randomized complete block design with two main factors including the origin of seedlings (at two levels: Fandoglou and Makesh) and bacterial inoculation (at five levels: P. putida, B. subtilis E. cloaca separately, the combination of three bacteria, and control). The seedlings were planted at a distance of 3 × 3 m in holes with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 50 cm in the agricultural lands at the neighborhood of Fandoglou forest of Ardabil. In the fourth year, the leaf area, specific leaf area, and leaf concentration of nutritional elements (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron and zinc) in the Hazelnut seedlings were measured.
Results: The results showed that inoculation of hazelnut seedlings (from both origins) with bacteria separately and in combination had a significant effect on the leaf growth traits and concentration of nutritional elements. The maximum leaf area (24.5 cm2) and specific leaf area (135.3 cm2/g) were observed in the seedlings (Fandoglou origin) inoculated with a combination of three bacteria. In addition, the highest concentrations of nitrogen (3.56 %), phosphorous (0.36 mg/g), potassium (135.3 mg/g), iron (1.35 mg/g) and zinc (26.10 mg/g) were obtained in the seedlings (Fandoglou origin) inoculated with a combination of three bacteria
Conclusions: With considering the positive effect of growth-stimulating bacteria on leaf growth traits and nutritional conditions of hazelnut seedlings, the combined inoculation of three bacteria (P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloacae) is suggested for the successful planting of hazelnut seedlings in the nursery and also in the field.
References:
1. Arias, D., Calvo-Alvarado, J. and Dohrenbusch, A., 2007. Calibration of LAI-2000 to estimate leaf area index (LAI) and assessment of its relationship with stand productivity in six native and introduced tree species in Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage. 247, 185–193.
2. Backer, R., Rokem, J.S., Ilangumaran, G., Lamont, J., Praslickova, D., Ricci, E., Subramanian, S., Smith, D.L., 2018. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Context, mechanisms of action, and roadmap to commercialization of bio-stimulants for sustainable agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1473–1485.
Growth-promoting bacteria are among the beneficial soil microorganisms, and by improving the soil quality, they increase the growth and nutritional traits of the plant. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the leaf surface, specific leaf surface and absorption of nutritional elements of hazelnut seedlings, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in the field conditions. The main factor was the origin of the seedling (at two levels: Fandoglou and Makesh) and bacterial inoculation (at five levels: P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloaca, combination of them and Control) with three replications. Twelve seedlings were planted at a distance of 3 × 3 m in holes with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 50 cm on an area of 3240 m2 in the agricultural lands at the neighborhood of Fandoglou forest in Ardabil. The results after four years showed that the inoculated seedlings of both origins were superior in terms of all investigated traits compared to the control (un-inoculated) seedlings. The highest amount of traits was assigned to the seedlings of Fandoglou origin inoculated with the combination of all three bacteria (P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloaca). The leaf area and specific leaf area were 53.1 and 37.7% more in the inoculated seedling compared to the control, respectively. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, iron and zinc in the seedling leaf increased by 59.4, 89.5, 23.7, 45.4 and 60.6% compared to the control, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the planting of hazelnut seedlings inoculated with growth-stimulating bacteria (combination of the three mentioned bacteria) will have more vegetative growth.
Background and Objective: Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is considered one of the most significant species of Ardabil Fandoglou forest in Iran. This species is ecologically and economically important and also is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the traditional medicine. Hazelnut kernel is very important in human nutrition and health as it has different kind of vitamins, healthy oils (mostly oleic acid), protein, fiber and antioxidants. Unfortunately, in recent years, conversion of land use, animal grazing, fire, and excessive cutting of trees (for charcoal production) are among the most important factors in destroying the habitats of this species. Therefore, it is necessary to restore and develop the habitats of hazelnut through the production of healthy and quality seedlings. To increase successful planting programs, the ability of seedlings against environmental stresses should be increased by improving the uptake of water and nutrients (Arias et al., 2007). One of the solutions that has been noticed in recent years, is the application of growth-promoting bacteria. Plant growth-stimulating bacteria are a group of free-living and non-symbiotic rhizosphere bacteria that could improve plant growth by one or more direct and indirect mechanisms (Backer et al., 2018). The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of these microorganisms on the leaf growth and nutrients concentration of hazelnut seedlings in order to provide practical solutions for the development of hazelnut nursery in the neighborhood of the Fandoglou forest of Ardabil.
Methods: In November, similar seedlings were transferred to the area adjacent to the nursery, located in the barren lands of the forest neighborhood. Experiment was carried in randomized complete block design with two main factors including the origin of seedlings (at two levels: Fandoglou and Makesh) and bacterial inoculation (at five levels: P. putida, B. subtilis E. cloaca separately, the combination of three bacteria, and control). The seedlings were planted at a distance of 3 × 3 m in holes with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 50 cm in the agricultural lands at the neighborhood of Fandoglou forest of Ardabil. In the fourth year, the leaf area, specific leaf area, and leaf concentration of nutritional elements (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron and zinc) in the Hazelnut seedlings were measured.
Results: The results showed that inoculation of hazelnut seedlings (from both origins) with bacteria separately and in combination had a significant effect on the leaf growth traits and concentration of nutritional elements. The maximum leaf area (24.5 cm2) and specific leaf area (135.3 cm2/g) were observed in the seedlings (Fandoglou origin) inoculated with a combination of three bacteria. In addition, the highest concentrations of nitrogen (3.56 %), phosphorous (0.36 mg/g), potassium (135.3 mg/g), iron (1.35 mg/g) and zinc (26.10 mg/g) were obtained in the seedlings (Fandoglou origin) inoculated with a combination of three bacteria
Conclusions: With considering the positive effect of growth-stimulating bacteria on leaf growth traits and nutritional conditions of hazelnut seedlings, the combined inoculation of three bacteria (P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloacae) is suggested for the successful planting of hazelnut seedlings in the nursery and also in the field.
References:
1. Arias, D., Calvo-Alvarado, J. and Dohrenbusch, A., 2007. Calibration of LAI-2000 to estimate leaf area index (LAI) and assessment of its relationship with stand productivity in six native and introduced tree species in Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage. 247, 185–193.
2. Backer, R., Rokem, J.S., Ilangumaran, G., Lamont, J., Praslickova, D., Ricci, E., Subramanian, S., Smith, D.L., 2018. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Context, mechanisms of action, and roadmap to commercialization of bio-stimulants for sustainable agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1473–1485.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Plant growth promoting microrganisms in the rhizosphere
Received: 2023/10/16 | Accepted: 2024/01/10 | Published: 2024/03/12
Received: 2023/10/16 | Accepted: 2024/01/10 | Published: 2024/03/12
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